How do electric propulsion systems, like Hall thrusters, achieve much greater fuel efficiency over long durations compared to chemical rockets?

Answer

By exchanging high mass flow rates for lower mass flow rates operating at extremely high exhaust velocities.

Electric propulsion trades the large volume of chemical propellant (high mass flow) for using electrical energy to accelerate the exhaust material to much higher speeds (high velocity), drastically increasing efficiency.

How do electric propulsion systems, like Hall thrusters, achieve much greater fuel efficiency over long durations compared to chemical rockets?
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